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The early marketing for the elixir suggested that A pharmacist, Pemberton experimented with a mysterious formula that derived from the coca leaf and the kola nut, to ease his suffering. What we now regard as the best Civil War fiction, such as the work of Stephen Crane and Ambrose Bierce, did not even appear until the 1890s, as if the warвЂ™s memoryДЄ new product, Coca-Cola, was introduced in 1885 by a former Confederate officer, John Pemberton, who had been slashed by a saber in the final fighting of the war, after Appomattox, then wrestled with an addiction to Reintegrating these former soldiers took decades. His tombstone avoids that complexity by saying simply, вЂњHe was a Civil War soldier.вЂќ He served in both the Confederate and Union armies: To this day, as a recent Wall Street Journal article reported, an elderly North Carolina woman, Irene Triplett, collects $73.13 a month for her fatherвЂ™s pension. That was an important precedent for the New Deal and the Great Society. Service records, and it assumed more responsibility for the mental and physical health of those who had given so much. It paid out pensions, it built hospitals, it maintained More than a few required help to cope with their trauma, and the federal government, which had grown so much during the war, grew again to address their needs. Certainly, the presence of so many veterans was a new fact for Americans, and kept the war alive, simmering, for decades. 20, 1866, President Johnson proclaimed that final pockets of resistance in Texas were вЂњat an end.вЂќ We could call this, too, the close of the war.Д«ut much remained вЂњin the balance,вЂќ as Ellison said uncomfortable, unfinished. Helped to choose LincolnвЂ™s successors for decades. The Grand Army of the Republic, founded in 1866, would become a potent lobbying force for veterans. That was a political as well as a military statement, for this vast army did not exactly disappear. Over two days, on May 23 and 24, more than 150,000 soldiers marched down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington beforeДЄ reviewing stand where President Andrew Johnson and Lt. To the end, Lincoln served a higher cause.ДЄfter he was laid to rest, on May 4, the armies united for an epic display of glory, worthy of Rome. Much larger than the death of a single individual. The funeral train that carried LincolnвЂ™s remains home to Springfield, Ill., drew millions, and while the tragedy felt senseless, it also offered the nation a chance to mourn something

This sickening act of violence, when added to all the others, brought a definitive feeling that an era had ended, as surely as LincolnвЂ™s election in NovemberДЎ860 had precipitated it. Then there was Abraham LincolnвЂ™s assassination.

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS QUIZ SERIES

If you read the series (or if youвЂ™re just a huge Civil War nerd), what have you learned? Related What Do You Know? A Civil War Pop Quiz.

6, the fifth anniversary of LincolnвЂ™s election. The last Confederates of all were the furthest away: After evading capture in the North Pacific, the confederate raider Shenandoah sailed all the way to Liverpool, Other generals in more distant theaters fought on gamely: Not until June 23 did Stand Watie, a Cherokee chief and a Confederate brigadier general, sign a cease-fireДЄgreement at Doaksville, in what is now Oklahoma. At other times, the war just seemed to give out, as soldiers melted awayДЇrom their regiments and began to find their way home. LeeвЂ™s surrender at Appomattox on April 9. Still, there was an ending of sorts, in 1865. Possible, our endless optimism, has led us to assume that it ever really ended.вЂќ As late as 1949, in an address at Harvard, the writer Ralph Ellison said that the war вЂњis still in the balance, and only our enchantment by the spell of the When did the Civil War end? Many have answered never. A giant bust of Lincoln by the artist David Adickes in a field outside of Williston, North Dakota.

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